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CAPOEIRA BY MESTRE MARCIO MENDES

The most comprehensive concept of capoeira is a mixture of dance, fight, and game playing, with a strong background in African, indigenous, and Portuguese cultures, and an unknown time of its creation or recreation. It is very important to highlight that the aspect of dance in capoeira is more related to the fluidity and adaptation of movements originating from African dances, with some influence also from indigenous and Portuguese dances.

Due to its flexibility, capoeira, through the years, presented different ways of moving, quite different from what we know today. But the first reports of the word capoeira come well before the arrival of African slaves in Brazil. In the book “Art of grammar of the most used language in the coast of Brazil” (1595), the author, the Jesuit priest Anchieta, describes the word capoeira as a kind of dance/fight performed by the Brazilian natives. The way of playing varies according to the historical period. Hence the need to look carefully when using the word tradition in capoeira. In applying it, it is necessary to contextualize the historical period, as well as the style of the Master and the time in which he taught.

Capoeira has been building and rebuilding itself through the centuries. And in this respect, it differs from Asian martial arts, which have a precise origin and have been practiced millennially in the same way, accompanied by the same "rituals". As for music, it was not always part of capoeira; it began to be used eventually. And only in the early 20th century, it was definitely incorporated into the game. We can look at capoeira as if it were a kind of language.

Different languages are always changing and adapting to changes. With capoeira, it is the same thing, there are movements that are still performed today as many have ceased to exist over time. So again, the importance of using the word tradition carefully. Because without making reference to when, where, and to whom we are talking about, can easily create confusion of concepts and opinions. It's hard to tell where starts and ends the game, the fight and the dance in capoeira.

Some schools focus more on one or two aspects of these elements than others. In its early days, capoeira was linked to extremely violent street fights and was therefore framed in the Brazilian penal code. For a long time, its practice was considered illegal (1890 to 1937). It was not until President Getúlio Vargas' mandate in 1937 that the law was repealed, and capoeira was recognized as a Brazilian national sport. And in 2008, it was recognized as Brazilian cultural heritage by IPHAN (Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage) and then by UNESCO in 2014. Capoeira never had a particular style or format because it incorporates spontaneity into its movements. Like the music, movement styles were included through the years, and consequently, the nomenclature given to movements emerged and was defined over time. Between the 1930s and 1940s, in the state of Bahia, two Masters established two styles of capoeira that would serve as the universal basis for the capoeira game. Mestre Bimba (Manoel dos Reis Machado, 1899-1974) was the creator of the so-called Bahiana Regional Fight, known today as Capoeira Regional. And Mestre Pastinha (Vicente Ferreira Pastinha, 1889-1981) creator of Capoeira Angola. 

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We must emphasize that these two capoeira styles were specific to the city of Salvador, in the state of Bahia. Capoeira outside the state of Bahia underwent stronger repression and, in many states, almost disappeared. But thanks to the recognition and work of Masters Bimba and Pastinha, capoeira was able to survive nowadays. 

The Regional and Angola styles gave a structure to the capoeira movements, and from it also began to develop a certain stylization of them. Currently, many acrobatic and other martial arts movements have been introduced. The most practiced capoeira in the world today, called modern and/or contemporary is often called Regional but in fact differs greatly from the style created by Mestre Bimba; 

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